![]() sphaericus are the primary pathogens used for control of medically important pests including dipteran vectors. ![]() thuringiensis sub-species israelensis and L. thuringiensis sub-species kurstaki is the most widely used for control of pest insects of crops and forests, and B. These include several Bacillus thuringiensis sub-species, Lysinibacillus (Bacillus) sphaericus, Paenibacillus spp. ![]() A small number of entomopathogenic bacteria have been commercially developed for control of insect pests. Overcoming these limitations are key research areas for which progress could open up use of insect viruses to much larger markets. However, the absence of a practical in vitro mass production system, generally higher production costs, limited post application persistence, slow rate of kill and high host specificity currently contribute to restricted use in pest control. New baculovirus products are appearing in many countries and gaining an increased market share. Baculoviruses are accepted as safe, readily mass produced, highly patho-genic and easily formulated and applied control agents. Most research is focused on the baculoviruses, important pathogens of some globally important pests for which control has become difficult due to either pesticide resistance or pressure to reduce pesticide residues. Insect pathogenic viruses are a fruitful source of microbial control agents (MCAs), particularly for the control of lepidopteran pests. ![]() In this forum paper we present current information on development, use and future directions of insect-specific viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes as components of integrated pest management strategies for control of arthropod pests of crops, forests, urban habitats, and insects of medical and veterinary importance. ![]() The development and use of entomopathogens as classical, conservation and augmentative biological control agents have included a number of successes and some setbacks in the past 15 years. ![]()
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